标签： 南京桑拿网

　　[Abstract] Zhuozhao dispensing today; Main market performance during the long holiday: China’s assets generally rose, international.A sharp drop; The spokesman of the Ministry of Commerce answered the reporter’s question on the inclusion of some China entities in the export control "entity list" by the US Department of Commerce; Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges: At present, the time for T+0 trading in A-share market is not mature;The IPO braked suddenly, and the Shanghai Stock Exchange will carry out special verification; manufacturing industryIt rose for four consecutive months and rose to the expansion range for the first time since April; Many data of long holiday travel have exceeded before the epidemic; National Film Bureau: National Day box office 2.734 billion yuan; Sudden change in the Middle East! The largest armed conflict broke out between Palestine and Israel in several years; US non-farm payrolls data in September far exceeded expectations.

　　Hot spot focusing

　　1. The spokesman of the Ministry of Commerce answered a reporter’s question on the inclusion of some China entities in the export control "entity list" by the US Department of Commerce.

　　A spokesman for the Ministry of Commerce answered a reporter’s question on the inclusion of some China entities in the export control "entity list" by the US Department of Commerce.

　　A reporter asked: On October 6, 2023, US Eastern Time, the US Department of Commerce announced that some Russian entities were included in the "list of entities" for export control. What is China’s comment on this?

　　A: China has noticed the relevant situation. In a short time, the United States once again listed some Russian enterprises in the "entity list" of export control on the grounds of so-called involvement in China. The United States has generalized national security, abused export control measures, and arbitrarily imposed unilateral sanctions and "long-arm jurisdiction" on China enterprises. This is a typical act of economic coercion and unilateralism, which China resolutely opposes.

　　The United States should immediately correct its wrong practices and stop its unreasonable suppression of China enterprises. China will take all necessary measures to resolutely safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises in China.

　　2. Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges: At this stage, the time for T+0 trading in the A-share market is not mature.

　　Relevant person in charge of Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges answered questions from reporters. Q: Recently, it has been reported from the media that the trading hours of A shares will be extended after the holiday, and T+0 trading will be tried out on some stocks. How do you comment on this? A: We are concerned about the above rumors, and the relevant contents are not true. On August 18th this year, when answering a reporter’s question on activating the capital market and boosting investors’ confidence, the relevant person in charge of the CSRC proposed to study the appropriate extension of the trading hours in the A-share market. This work involves a wide range and has a great influence. The Exchange is conducting in-depth research and demonstration in accordance with the unified deployment of the CSRC. In addition, the relevant person in charge answered the reporter’s question in the early stage and made it clear that the time for T+0 trading in the A-share market at this stage is not mature.

　　3. IPO slams on the brakes. The Shanghai Stock Exchange will carry out special verification.

　　Near the subscription date, (603361)IPO presses the pause button. The Shanghai Stock Exchange also paid close attention to this matter, saying that it would conduct a special inspection on Zhejiang Guoxiang. On the evening of October 7, Zhejiang GuoxiangDue to relevant media reports, in order to effectively protect the interests of investors, the issuer and the lead underwriter decided to suspend the subsequent issuance work until the relevant matters are verified and clarified. The estimated issuance schedule disclosed in the original Announcement on Issuance Arrangements and Preliminary Inquiry will be adjusted. Zhejiang Guoxiang was originally scheduled to purchase on October 9th (T-day) after the National Day. In answering a reporter’s question, the Shanghai Stock Exchange said that recently, there have been media concerns about the existence of the same asset secondary listing and high issuance pricing in Zhejiang Guoxiang. In this regard, the Exchange said that it has paid attention to relevant reports. The relevant information reflected from the media has been paid attention to in the audit and a special inquiry has been made. At present, Zhejiang Guoxiang has suspended the IPO issuance process.

　　In April and September, the purchasing managers’ index of China’s manufacturing industry was 50.2%, up 0.5 percentage points from last month.

　　In September, the purchasing managers’ index (PMI) of China’s manufacturing industry was 50.2%, up by 0.5 percentage point from the previous month. After running below 50% for five consecutive months, it returned to the expansion range. At the same time, the index rose for four consecutive months, and the chain-on-chain increase rate continued to expand, indicating that the economic recovery situation is getting better. Among the 21 industries surveyed, the purchasing managers’ index of 11 industries is above the critical point, two more than last month, and the manufacturing boom has expanded.

　　5. China in SeptemberThe scale was $3,115.1 billion, down $45 billion from the end of August.

　　Statistics from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange show that by the end of September, 2023, China’s foreign exchange reserves stood at $3,115.1 billion, down by $45 billion or 1.42% from the end of August. In September 2023, affected by major economiesInfluenced by policies and expectations, macroeconomic data and other factors, the US dollar index rose and the global financial asset prices generally fell. The scale of foreign exchange reserves decreased in the month due to the combined effects of exchange rate conversion and asset price changes. The overall recovery of China’s economy is improving, and the solid progress of high-quality development is conducive to the continued stability of the scale of foreign exchange reserves.

　　6. Many data of long holiday travel have exceeded that before the epidemic.

　　According to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, during the Mid-Autumn Festival and National Day holidays in 2023, the cultural and tourism industries recovered strongly, and the national holiday market was stable and orderly. Ministry of Economy, Culture and TourismIt is estimated that during the eight days of Mid-Autumn Festival and National Day holiday, the number of domestic tourists was 826 million, up by 71.3% year-on-year according to comparable caliber, and up by 4.1% compared with 2019 according to comparable caliber; Domestic tourism revenue reached 753.43 billion yuan, up 129.5% year-on-year according to comparable caliber, and up 1.5% compared with 2019 according to comparable caliber.

　　7. Association: September is estimated.The wholesale sales volume of passenger car manufacturers was 830,000, up 23% year-on-year.

　　The Federation comprehensively estimated that the wholesale sales volume of passenger car manufacturers in September was 830,000, a year-on-year increase of 23% and a quarter-on-quarter increase of 4%. According to preliminary estimates, from January to September this year, 5.92 million vehicles were wholesale, up 36% year-on-year. The Federation predicts that in 2023, ChinaThe sales volume of passenger cars is 8.5 million, and the sales volume of narrow passenger cars is 23.5 million. The annual car penetration rate is expected to reach 36%. The current operation state is basically consistent with the forecast.

　　8. State Administration of Taxation: Departments in charge of official vehicles at all levels should increase the use of new energy vehicles.

　　From September 26th to 27th, the State Administration of Taxation was in Hebei.Hold the on-site meeting of new energy vehicle promotion and the national symposium on official vehicle management. The meeting stressed that the competent departments of official vehicles at all levels should fully implement the policy requirements for the promotion of new energy vehicles, strengthen coordination with relevant industry authorities, improve supporting measures, and increase the use of new energy vehicles. It is necessary to pay attention to local conditions and classify policies, better coordinate geographical location, power types, urban-rural differences, and vehicle use, and actively and steadily promote the use of new energy vehicles.

　　9. National Film Bureau: National Day box office was 2.734 billion yuan.

　　According to the statistics of the National Film Bureau, the total box office of National Day movies in 2023 (from September 29th to October 6th) was 2.734 billion yuan, with 65.1 million people watching movies. The domestic movie box office was 2.618 billion yuan, accounting for 95.78% of the market. The top five movies in the National Day box office were: Rock Solid, 883 million yuan, and My Ex-4: Early Marriage, 6.

　　10. IATA: In August, air cargo demand increased year-on-year for the first time in 19 months.

　　On October 8, IATA’s regular data on the global air cargo market in August 2023 showed that the air cargo demand increased year-on-year for the first time in 19 months, with an increase of 1.5% compared with August 2022 according to the freight ton-km. The transportation capacity increased by 12.2% compared with August 2022. The strong growth of transportation capacity is attributed to the 30% year-on-year increase of abdominal cabin transportation capacity. Willie Walsh, president of IATA, said that PMI data is developing in a positive direction, and this signal is even more optimistic as we enter the traditional year-end peak season of air cargo.

　　11. Shenzhen: By 2025, the proportion of new energy and clean energy power vehicles will reach about 60%.

　　Shenzhen Municipal People’s Government issued the implementation plan of Shenzhen peak carbon dioxide emissions. Among them, it is proposed to promote the low-carbon transformation of transportation equipment. By 2025, the proportion of new energy and clean energy power vehicles will reach about 60%, the number of new energy vehicles in the city will reach about 1.3 million, and the number of LNG vehicles will reach more than 20,000.The number of cars is about 2,000; By 2030, the proportion of new energy and clean energy vehicles will reach about 70%, and the number of new energy vehicles in the city will reach about 2 million.

　　12、Reduce the price of some models in the United States

　　On October 6th, official website in the United States showed that the price of some models in the United States was reduced. The price of Model 3 in the United States was reduced from $40,240 to $38,990, and the price of Model Y long-life version was reduced from $50,490 to $48,490.

　　13. Sudden change in the Middle East! The largest armed conflict broke out between Palestine and Israel in years.

　　On October 7th, local time, the Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) announced that it would launch a military operation against Israel. It not only fired thousands of rockets, but also its armed personnel entered Israel and clashed with the Israeli army. The Israeli army responded by launching several rounds of air strikes in the Gaza.

　　14. The US non-farm payrolls data in September far exceeded expectations.

　　On October 6th, the U.S. Department of Labor announced the changes of non-agricultural employment population and unemployment rate data in September. In September, the number of non-farm employees in the United States increased by 336,000, a sharp increase from the expected 170,000, much higher than the 187,000 in August. This latest data undoubtedly shows the strength of the labor market in the United States, and the number of non-agricultural new jobs exceeding 300,000 is beyond the expectations of all Wall Street institutions. Previously, among large financial institutions, Citigroup gave the highest non-agricultural expectations, but it only added 240,000 people. Investors have more reason to believe that the Fed will remain high.Even in the case of high inflation, further interest rate hikes.

　　15. Major market performance during the long holiday: China’s assets generally rose and international oil prices dropped sharply.

　　During the A-share holiday, US debt was usedThe overseas market represented by it fluctuates obviously.While the overall situation remained volatile, the US dollar index strengthened and the international oil price dropped sharply.

　　In terms of China’s assets, the Hang Seng Index rose by 0.65% and the Hang Seng Science and Technology Index rose by 1.01%.China Jinlong index rose 0.34%, and A50 index rose 0.19%.

　　In terms of US stocks, the Nasdaq rose 1.74%, the S&P 500 rose 0.2% and the Dow fell 0.77%. In terms of European stocks, Germany’s DAX30 index fell 0.61%, France’s CAC40 index fell 0.79%, and Britain’s FTSE 100 index fell 1.41%. In the Asia-Pacific stock market, the Korean Composite Index fell by 2.29% and the Nikkei 225 Index fell by 2.75%.

　　In terms of commodities, gold and oil all showed a correction. London gold has been falling for nine consecutive trading days since September 25th. During the long holiday, it has fallen by about 2%, and COMEX gold has fallen by 1.84%. In terms of crude oil, NYMEX crude oil fell by 9.8% and ICE oil distribution fell by 9.31%.

　　16. The Beijing Stock Exchange revised the relevant guidelines and promoted the transfer in a safe and orderly manner.

　　On October 8, after soliciting opinions from all parties in the market, the Beijing Stock Exchange revised and published "Beijing"Guidelines for Continuous Supervision of Listed Companies of the Stock Exchange No.7-Transfer of Board (hereinafter referred to as "Transfer of Board Guidelines"). According to the experts interviewed, with the official release of the "Transfer Guidelines" of the North Stock Exchange, the transfer listing of the North Stock Exchange will soon enter the practical stage, or it will promote the valuation repair of listed companies in the North Stock Exchange, enhance the liquidity of the secondary market of the North Stock Exchange, and attract more high-quality companies to go public in the North Stock Exchange. The North Stock Exchange said that the transfer mechanism involves the coordinated development of multi-level capital markets. This revision of the Guidelines for Transfer attaches great importance to the protection of investors’ rights and interests, and strives to form an orderly, standardized and normalized transfer arrangement.

　　Theme opportunity

　　1. Ask the new M7 to set a new high in a single day. The supply chain is expected to benefit.

　　According to the official news, the new M7 model of AITO has set a new one-day record during the Mid-Autumn National Day holiday. According to the latest official data, the car reached a "record high" on October 6, with a large number of 7000 vehicles. Since the car was officially listed, the cumulative number of large orders has exceeded 40,000. According to public information, the new M7 in Wenjie is equipped with Huawei ADS 2.0 advanced intelligent driving system, which can realize high-speed and urban intelligent driving without relying on high-precision maps. The new car is equipped with an overhead.27 sensing hardware, including 3 millimeter-wave radars, 11 high-definition visual sensing cameras and 12 ultrasonic radars, support parking service and ultra-narrow parking spaces in the park. In 2023, the sales volume of the world was less than expected for a long time, and the new M7 exceeded expectations to raise the market heat. There is room for exceeding expectations in the future, and related supply chains are expected to benefit. Related companies are、Wait.

　　2、The chip track is hot, and many giants set out to launch their own research products.

　　According to foreign media reports,It is planned to launch the first chip specially designed for support (AI) at the Ignite conference in Seattle on November 14th. At the same time, OpenAI, the developer behind ChatGPT, which exploded this year, is exploring to make its own (AI) chip and has begun to evaluate a potential acquisition target. It is also known that,And Google have strategically integrated their artificial intelligence chips into their cloud business promotion activities. The analysis pointed out that this wave of AI was set off by ChatGPT, which triggered Chinese and foreign scientific and technological enterprises to pursue big language models and generative AI and an arms race for computing power. With the emergence of more complex and multivariate models, high computational powerWill fully benefit. At present, although the heat of generative AI and big model has cooled down compared with the beginning of the year,Waiting for the giants to give a strongAnd future guidance, indicating that the industry is still investing heavily in the AI field, optimistic about the long-term trend of AI development. Related companies are、Wait.

　　3. Huawei’s fully liquid-cooled overcharge station went online.

　　Huawei officially announced on October 4 that the fully liquid-cooled overcharge station built by Huawei Digital Energy was officially launched in the southern Sichuan-Tibet line and along Litang and Aden highways, with a maximum output of 600kW and a maximum current of 600A, known as "one kilometer per second". The success rate of one charge is as high as 99%, and the charging range from 200 to 1000V matches all models, including, Tucki, Ideal and other passenger cars and commercial vehicles such as cargo Lala. Liquid-cooled overcharge technology is based on the traditional air cooling technology, which introduces liquid cooling module to realize efficient heat dissipation and temperature control of equipment. At present, domestic brand car companies(500kW ultra-fast charging), Tucki (480kW single pile), BAIC (480kW) and FAW (350kW) have all been overcharged, and liquid cooling technology has solved the temperature rise problem of overcharge, which has also become the technical layout direction of overcharge stations.It is said that Huawei’s intelligent and electrified layout has good feedback, which is expected to enhance domestic consumers’ acceptance of smart platforms, liquid-cooled overcharges and other technologies.

　　Company news

　　1、: trading in the company’s shares will resume at 9: 00 am on October 9.

　　: The company has applied to the Stock Exchange to resume trading of the company’s shares from 9: 00 am on October 9, 2023.

　　2、: The transaction price of rare earth concentrate in the fourth quarter was adjusted to 20,536 yuan/ton excluding tax.

　　(600111) It was announced on the evening of October 8th that according to the pricing method of rare earth concentrate and the price of rare earth oxide in the third quarter of 2023, the transaction price of rare earth concentrate in the fourth quarter of 2023 was adjusted to 20536 yuan/ton excluding tax (dry weight, REO=50%), and the price excluding tax increased or decreased by 410.72 yuan/ton for every 1% increase or decrease of REO. The company will work withRe-signing the rare earth concentrate supply",and in accordance with the newly signed contract to carry out related transactions of rare earth concentrates.

　　3、: From "Ex 4: Early Marriage"The range is about 73.49 million to 95.45 million.

　　(300027) On the evening of October 8, it was announced that the film "Ex 4: Early Marriage" directed by the main investment of the subsidiary was released in Chinese mainland on September 28, 2023. According to the data of the National Film Office, as of 24: 00 on October 6, 2023, the film was released in Chinese mainland for 9 days, and the cumulative box office income (that is, the cumulative total box office of the film) was about RMB 710 million (the final settlement data may be slightly wrong), which exceeded the audited merger of the company in the most recent fiscal year.50% of operating income. As of October 6, 2023, the company’s operating income from the film was about 73.4882 million yuan to 95.4502 million yuan (there may be errors in the final settlement data). At present, the film is still in release.

　　4、It is planned to purchase 100 C919 aircraft from Comac.

　　(600115) On the evening of September 28th, the company announced that it had signed the C919 Aircraft Purchase and Sale Agreement with Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (hereinafter referred to as "Comac") and purchased 100 C919 aircraft from Comac. According to the people of China on the signing date of this transaction agreement.According to the published central parity exchange rate of RMB against the US dollar (1 US dollar to 7.1798 RMB), the catalog price of purchasing 100 C919 aircraft this time is about 71.08 billion RMB. The above 100 aircraft are scheduled to be delivered to the company in batches from 2024 to 2031.

　　5、: Xinhua San Information plans to deliver 330 H800GPU series computing servers to Lianhua Kechuang.

　　(600186) It was announced on the evening of September 28th that Lianhua Kechuang, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the company, signed the Purchase Contract with Xinhua San Information, a holding subsidiary of Xinhua San. Both parties confirmed that under this purchase contract, Xinhua San Information delivered 330 H800GPU series computing servers (each server contains 8 GPUs) to Lianhua Kechuang, with a total contract price of 693 million yuan.

　　6、Performance report: the first three quarters5.199 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 12.33%.

　　(601888) The performance report was disclosed on the evening of October 8: the net profit in the first three quarters was 5.199 billion yuan, up 12.33% year-on-year, and the revenue was 50.84 billion yuan, up 29.14% year-on-year. During the reporting period, the company paid attention to sustainability and pursued a balanced growth of scale and profit. In the first three quarters of 2023, the gross profit margin of the company’s main business continued to recover, which were 28.75%, 32.47% and 34.27% respectively.

　　7、: The net profit in the first three quarters increased by 25% to 34%

　　(300146) announced on the evening of October 8, it is estimated that the net profit in the first three quarters will be 1.849 billion yuan to 1.979 billion yuan, an increase of 24.77% to 33.55% over the same period of last year. Benefiting from the increase in market demand for many categories of products brought about by the improvement of national health awareness, the company’s domestic and overseas income achieved rapid growth in the first three quarters.

　　8、: The estimated net profit for the first three quarters is 1.2 billion-1.38 billion, with a year-on-year increase of 61%-85%.

　　(300118) The performance forecast was released on the evening of September 28th. In the first three quarters of 2023, it is expected to realize a profit of 1.2 billion yuan to 1.38 billion yuan, up by 60.56%-84.65% year-on-year. Benefit from the company’s component capacity expansion and self-supplyCompared with the same period of last year, the sales volume of photovoltaic module products in this period increased, the sales gross margin increased, and the corresponding sales profit increased. In addition, the company’s overseas component production base began to ship stably in this period, which also had a positive impact on the company’s operating performance.

　　9、: The sales volume in September was 287,500 units.

　　(002594) It was announced on the evening of October 8 that the sales volume in September was 287,500, compared with 201,300 in the same period last year; In September, a total of 28,039 new energy passenger cars were sold overseas. September New Energy Vehicle Power andThe total installed capacity of batteries is about 14.348GWh, and the cumulative installed capacity in 2023 is about 100.931GWh.

　　10、: Obtain the fixed-point book of air suspension system product project.

　　(000887) On the evening of October 8th, it was announced that AMK Company, a subsidiary company, became a batch supplier of air supply unit assembly products for air suspension system of a new platform project of a head new energy brand main engine factory in China. The life cycle of this project is 5 years, and the total amount of life cycle is about 1.64 billion yuan.

　　11、: The subsidiary signed about 65.05 billion yuan.General contracting contract of methanol production chemical complex project

　　(601117) It was announced on the evening of October 8, recently, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the company signed a general contract with Russian Baltic Methanol Co., Ltd. for the methanol production chemical complex project. The duration of this contract is 48 months, and the total contract amount is 8.4 billion euros, equivalent to about 65.05 billion yuan.

　　12、: Pre-bid for State GridThe Fifth Equipment Bidding Procurement of the Project

　　(000400) On the evening of October 8th, it was announced that the company had won the bid for the fifth equipment procurement of the State Grid Project in advance, with an estimated bid amount of 611 million yuan.

　　13、: andPeople Data, its platform, signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement.

　　(600415) announced on the evening of October 8 that the company signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement with its platform People’s Data., data storage, data empowerment, data operation and other aspects to carry out all-round and multi-level cooperation, establish a long-term, stable and efficient exchange mechanism, and jointly create a trade data ecosystem.

　　14、: Received the fixed-point notice of Avatar low-carbon wheel project.

　　(002488) It was announced on the evening of October 8th that the company recently received a fixed-point notice from a leading domestic heavy truck enterprise (whose name cannot be disclosed due to confidentiality requirements, hereinafter referred to as the "customer"), and the company will be the supplier of the customer to develop Avatar low-carbon wheel products for it, and the company will complete the product development and delivery according to the customer’s requirements. The above-mentioned projects were mass-produced in October this year, which is expected to have a positive impact on the company’s income and profit level this year.

　　15、: signed about 1.424 billion yuan.

　　(300324) On the evening of September 28th, it was announced that Beijing Taihao Intelligent Engineering Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary, and Huailai Heying Data Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Heying Data") respectively signed the Electromechanical Engineering Construction Contract of M2 Computer Room and Supporting Electromechanical Engineering General Contracting Project of Huailai Heying Financial Data Technology Industrial Park Project (Phase II, Phase III) and Project 6 of Huailai Heying Financial Data Technology Industrial Park Project (Phase II, Phase IV).

　　16、: Signing major contracts for daily operations.

　　(300345) It was announced on the evening of October 8 that the company signed a major contract for daily operation. As stipulated in Contract 1, from the effective date of the contract to December 31, 2026, the company and its holding subsidiary Hongxin New Energy will purchase 56,800 tons of primary polysilicon from Yongxiang Polysilicon, Yongxiang New Energy, Inner Mongolia Tongwei, Yunnan Tongwei and Yongxiang Technology, with an estimated total contract amount of 5.1 billion yuan. Contract 2 stipulates that from the effective date of the contract to December 31, 2026, Meishan Tongwei and its related parties plan to purchase a total of 1,520 million monocrystalline silicon wafers from Hongxin New Energy, with an estimated total contract value of 4.5 billion yuan.

　　17、: 48.52 million yuan to acquire 100% equity of CHAM Company.

　　(688083) It was announced on the evening of October 8 that it acquired 100% equity of CHAM Company with its own capital of 48.52 million yuan through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Hong Kong Zhongwang; The target company is a company focusing on CFD.A commercial CAE software company that has used CFD technology to provide simulation technology services for the industrial field for 49 years.

　　

"border war"

On August 30th, 1856, a fierce battle broke out in the small town of Sabato, Kansas, USA. The warring parties were neither white men and Indians, nor Jiang Yang thieves and local people, but abolitionists from the north and militia from Missouri, a slave-holding state in the south. About 400 heavily armed Missouri militiamen attacked this small town guarded by the famous abolitionist leader John Brown. Being outnumbered, john brown and the abolitionists finally had to retreat, and Mr. Sabato was also looted. The incident became a microcosm of the Kansas Civil War.

In 1854, the US Congress passed the kansas-nebraska act, allowing Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether to join the United States of America as a "free state" or a "slave state" by referendum. This is tantamount to the abolition of the Missouri compromise in fact, which intensified the contradiction between the north and the south on the issue of slavery.

After that, a large number of abolitionists from the north and southerners who advocated the maintenance of slavery flooded into Kansas, hoping to win the referendum by means of large-scale immigration in the short term. Under the tense atmosphere, a series of violent conflicts broke out between the two sides of the contradiction, which eventually led to a Kansas version of the "civil war." This mini-war, known as "bloody Kansas", is often regarded by later generations as a prelude to the American Civil War or a scaled-down version of the Civil War. In January 1861, after this bloody baptism, Kansas finally joined the Union as a free state. However, only three months later, the Civil War officially started. At the beginning of the war, out of revenge, a group of Kansas militia named Jayhawks attacked and looted several towns in Missouri. Later, a local armed force calling itself "Fighting Tigers" rose in Missouri to confront it. As a result, the two sides continued their hatred since "bloody Kansas" on the battlefield.

In May 1865, the Civil War officially ended. Nearly 30 years after the smoke of the Civil War dispersed, the blood feud between Kansas and Missouri did not dissipate, and even found a new battlefield to prolong the old hatred and renew the new hatred. On Halloween in 1891, the University of Kansas and the University of Missouri met head-on in an American Football game. Coincidentally, the names of these two college teams are "Kansas Jayhawks" and "Missouri Tigers". In this extremely fierce game, the University of Kansas won by 22-10, which seemed to swear that it was the winner of the civil war again, while the University of Missouri, which was unwilling, stubbornly continued to challenge. Therefore, the two teams agreed to have a contest every year. In the end, this football game not only became a competition between two universities, but also became an honor struggle between two states. The football match between "Jieying" and "Tiger" was even called "Border War" because of the hot and even explosive atmosphere. Since 1891, this "border war" has been fought for 120 years, and it was not until the University of Missouri announced its departure from the "Big 12 Conference" in 2011 that it called a truce. In the final year of the competition, the University of Missouri crushed the University of Kansas 24-10.Revenge for one’s ancestors. During these 120 years, this football game has become a projection of the political, military and historical disputes between the two States.

The "border war" between "Jieying" and "Tiger" lasted for 120 years.

Transformation of American football

George Carlin, a famous American comedian, once described the war metaphor of American football in a famous paragraph: "Baseball is a pastime game in the 19th century, while rugby is a tit-for-tat for industrialization in the 20th century; When you watch baseball, you will feel like going to a picnic, while when you watch football, you will want to kill your opponent at least 27 times. The goal of rugby is clear, and all actions revolve around the Quarterback, the’ battlefield general’. He has to observe the enemy lines and launch a surprise attack, find his catcher in the chaotic army and pass the ball accurately. He must lead an army into enemy territory and try his best to tear a hole in the enemy’s defense line! "

In the world of American football, especially college football, similar and tense feuds are everywhere, and even become one of the biggest selling points of the game, attracting the attention of the whole state and the whole country. For example, the football confrontation between the University of Texas and the University of Oklahoma is called "Red River Showdown", because in 1931, the National Guard of Texas and Oklahoma had a gun battle over the ownership of a bridge across the Red River between the two States. The feud between the University of Michigan and Ohio University can be traced back to the conflict between the two States around the border demarcation in 1835. Since 1897, the fighting between the two schools on behalf of the two States on the football field has become the most wonderful, intense and even tragic rivalry in the history of North American sports. Before and after the game, Ohio will hold "Beat Michigan Week". On the day before the 2006 World War II, Bo Schembechler, the meritorious coach of the University of Michigan, died of a heart attack. After that, every year before the Ohio University, the University of Michigan will play Bo Schembechler’s cry "Team!" before his death. Team! Team! " （The Team！ The Team！ The Team！ ) to boost morale.

The reason why American college football has become the carrier of American social tradition and even national hatred is closely related to its development and evolution to some extent. In the eyes of many foreigners, American football players seem to be all rough and tough men with big arms and round waist, developed limbs and mostly simple minds. However, American football was originally popular in college campuses all over the United States as elite and intellectual sports. In fact, even today, all professional players who participate in the National Football League need to take an IQ test before they can qualify. At the beginning of American football’s popularity in universities in the 19th century, it happened that the movement of "Physical Christianity" was in the ascendant. This Christian faction, which originated in England, advocates that sports can not only exercise the physique, but also improve the spiritual character of Christians. And a strong Christian is a symbol of God’s glory. Influenced by it, a very important task of YMCA is to advocate young people to actively participate in sports. The rapid popularity of American football in American universities also relies on the east wind of "strong Christianity" and "YMCA", and also provides religious legitimacy for hot-blooded college students to participate in such intense and even violent sports. As a social elite, college students have naturally become spokesmen and defenders of historical traditions in various States and regions.

In 1869, Princeton University and Rutgers College played the first American football game in history. As a sport born out of rugby, American football is even more intense, and college students are injured and even killed because of the game. In 1905, as many as 18 famous college students were injured and died in the competition, which became a major news in the United States at that time and alarmed then President theodore roosevelt. As a "progressive", Roosevelt Sr. issued a statement demanding that the rules of American football must be revised to ensure the safety of players, and young people who should be the pillars of the country should not be allowed to die in vain on the court. In the end, the rules of American football changed decisively-players were allowed to pass the ball forward instead of passing it back or flat like rugby, which gradually transformed the sport into what it is today.

Athletes singing hymns, taken in the gymnasium of YMCA Training School in Massachusetts, USA in 1909.

"national entertainment"

Although as early as the 1920s, professional football games, represented by the National Football League (NFL), appeared, but their commercialization was not high. In contrast, baseball, which has been professional and commercialized as early as the 19th century, is the "first sport" for citizens and workers. At that time, many professional football teams were "attached" to professional baseball clubs. Until today, people familiar with American sports can easily find many football teams and baseball teams with the same names, such as Giants, Cardinals, Redskins, Pirates and so on. In addition, quite a few early professional American football teams were actually in a "semi-professional" state, and players had other businesses besides playing. For example, the old team with a long history-"Green Bay Packer" is a team composed of local paper packers, which started with a sponsorship fee of $500 from the boss. Later, in order to ensure the normal operation of the team, the packers turned to issue the team’s shares to local residents, and finally let the team continue to this day in the form of "crowdfunding", even in the league.

In fact, until the eve of World War II, the campus elite label of American football remained unchanged, and most professional players were also graduates from universities, including many famous schools such as Ivy League. Many of the stars of universities or professional teams in those days later became world-famous politicians and social elites, and even entered the White House. Former US President Ford was once the star center of the University of Michigan. During the two years from 1932 to 1933, he not only helped the school achieve unbeaten results in the season, but also witnessed the epic battle between his alma mater and Ohio University. After graduating from college, Ford was recruited by professional scouts. After rejecting the invitation of Green Bay Packers and Detroit Lions, he went to law school to continue his studies and enter politics.

Byron White, one of the most important justices in the history of the United States Supreme Court in the 20th century, was the absolute main force and the star of the football team of his alma mater, Colorado State University. In 1937, he was even selected as the best team of college football in the United States, leaving more than ten competitive records on the field during his school days. In the second year after graduation, White went to the Pittsburgh Pirates (later the famous Pittsburgh Steelers) to play a professional game for one year. After winning the Best Newcomer Award with the highest rookie salary, White "hung up his boots" and went to Oxford University to study law. However, due to the outbreak of the European War, he had to return to China and transfer to Yale Law School. While studying at Yale, White also took time off to participate in professional competitions, played for Detroit Lions in 1940 and 1941, and finally became the record holder of "the longest charge". In 1942, White was drafted into the U.S. Navy and ended his football career. In 1962, the former football star became a Supreme Court Justice at the age of 44.

Byron White

After the end of World War II, especially after the popularization of television, rugby finally ushered in its own commercialization opportunity. Because the NFL was still an emerging professional sports league at that time, it was more willing to embrace such an emerging product as TV broadcasting. As early as 1848, the normalized broadcast of football matches began to appear on TV. Throughout the 1950s, ABC, NBC and CBS began to broadcast important NFL games one after another, and the broadcasting fee for championship games has reached a million dollars. The NFL, which has tasted the sweetness, is even willing to modify the schedule and rules for TV broadcast to enhance the viewing as much as possible and attract more viewers.

First of all, in order to ensure the visibility of the game and avoid the disparity between teams, the TV broadcasting rights of NFL are negotiated by the league as a whole with major TV networks, and the broadcasting fees obtained are shared equally by all teams, thus ensuring the relative balance of financial resources of each team. Therefore, many Americans jokingly call the NFL a "communist" professional sports league. Secondly, in order to cooperate with the prime time of TV viewing at night, NFL became the first professional sports league to change the important game from afternoon to evening for the first time, and created the tradition of professional sports night games.

Prior to this, Major League Baseball’s important games were usually held on weekend afternoons. After that, Sunday Night Football and Monday Night Football became the trump cards of ratings. In 1967, the American Football Confederation and the original National Football League merged to form a new NFL, and then a new annual championship event, Super Bowl, was established.

As a result, the "Super Bowl" quickly became the highest-rated TV program in the United States and lasted for a long time. Since 1991, the ratings of "Super Bowl" have remained above 40%, and the ratings have been stable above 45% since 2010. In 2016, the audience of the 50th Super Bowl in the United States reached 167 million, and the advertising fee per second reached an astonishing $5 million, almost 118 times that of the 1st Super Bowl in 1967. The "Super Bowl" halftime show has become the biggest stage for American performing stars to dream about. During the 50 years when the "Super Bowl" economy flourished, professional American football finally replaced professional baseball and became the most popular and commercially valuable sports game in the United States.

Similarly, in order to attract more audiences, the venue of the "Super Bowl" is not the home of the two champion teams, but the third place chosen in advance. In the view of NFL management, this arrangement is to show that the "Super Bowl" is a national holiday, not a special welfare that residents of the cities where the two teams are located can enjoy, making it a veritable "national entertainment".

(This article was published in Wenhui Scholar on February 3rd. The original title was From "Border War" to "National Entertainment": American Football Past and Present, which was reprinted by The Paper with authorization. Now the title and subtitle are drawn up by the editor. )